1912 ITALIAN CLUB HOUSE

Founded in April 1894, L'Unione Italiana originally included 116 Italian and eight Spanish immigrants. The charter stated that the organization's purpose was "to aid such members of said association as may become sick and to provide for the paying of the burial expenses of such members as may die, and to promote fraternity, charity and social intercourse among its members." Article Seven declared, "This society is founded exclusively by Italians," but it permitted members of other groups ... as long as they were of good moral standing and aged between fourteen and fifty." In a none-too-subtle show of indifference to organized religion, the society's by-laws set a precedent (still followed) that the annual and monthly meetings of the membership would be held the first Sunday of each month at 10:30 a.m.

L'Unione Italiana drew its leadership from the ranks of individuals known as prominenti, Bartolomeo Filogamo, the society's first president, reflected that classic profile. He had left the Old World in 1885 as an early pioneer, settling in New Orleans before arriving in, Tampa in 1889, ahead of the major immigrant stream. He quickly exploited the Ybor City economy, as his linguistic and financial talents assisted his elevation to bookkeeper at the Pendas and Alvarez cigar factory. He befriended the firm's owner, Enrique Pendas, who pioneered the founding of Centro Español. When an embryonic Italian settlement emerged, Filogamo brought Enrique Pendas and seven other Spaniards into the charter membership of L'Unione Italiana, and he consciously modeled the organization after Centro Español. Although born in the Sicilian town of Castellammare del Golfo, which was not a major source for Tampa's Italians, Filogamo was nonetheless tapped by Sicilians from the Magazzolo Valley to head the new venture. Filogamo's organizational talents and his connections with the Spanish elite made him an effective first president. Still, the choice of an "outsider" as head of this particular society seems remarkable, given the heavy predominance of Stefanesi and Alessandrini in the early colony. Filogamo guided L'Unione through its first decade, followed by Filippo F. Licata who held the reins of power for the next twenty years, 1906-1924.

From its inception, L'Unione avoided the petty, factional battles which drained the energies of so many other Italian societies in other cities. L'Unione served as a collective umbrella, not only for immigrants and children from the Magazzolo Valley, but also for smaller numbers of other Sicilians and Italians, and even clusters of Spaniards and Cubans, who for economic, marital or other considerations, were drawn to this particular banner.

L'Unione, with its reverence for social custom and its deliverance of mutual aid, quickly came to play a paramount role in Ybor City's Italian community. In this sense, L'Unione Italiana paralleled its dynamic institutional counterparts, Centro Español, Centro Asturiano, Círculo Cubano and La Unión Marti-Maceo. Judging from institutional records, oral interviews and documentary reports, one estimates that between the 1890s and 1930s, 90 percent of Ybor City's first-and-second generation men belonged to at least one of these societies. "My father belonged to L'Unione," boasted Dominic Giunta. "Before he ever bought a loaf of bread, he paid his dues. We grew up appreciating that fact.

1918 ITALIAN CLUB BUILDING

The mutual aid society appealed to the most basic of human instincts. Immigrants, terrified of dying unattended and unnoticed in a strange land, banded together to formalize the rituals of life and death. L'Unione institutionalized Sicilian funeral customs while adapting them to Ybor City. In 1900, the club purchased and dedicated an Italian Cemetery two miles north of Ybor City, at Twenty-sixth Street and Twenty-third Avenue. The cemetery with its imported cypress trees, inset ceramic photographs on gravemarkers, tombstones inscribed in Sicilian and Italian script, bears a near exact resemblance to the hallowed grounds in Sicily it sought to duplicate. In the early years, each club member contributed one dollar to the bereaving family; later, the club provided a $300 death benefit. By 1928, L'Unione, strengthened by increasing numbers of second-generation members, instituted a revised death plan whereby families received $975 in benefits.

Bolstered by steady streams of newcomers and confident of the future, the leadership of L'Unione in 1910 announced plans for a permanent clubhouse. Dedicated on Columbus Day, 1912, the $40,000, three-story structure stood on Seventh Avenue between Seventeenth and Eighteenth Streets. The brick building featured an athletic room and theatre. Paul Longo, one of the few survivors who remembers the original clubhouse, reflected as to its meaning in 1912. "I thought, my God, in Sicilia only the Church and Counts build such a monument."

The monument, intended to last three generations, stood three years before a fire destroyed everything. Members unhesitatingly pledged to rebuild, across the street at Seventh Avenue and Eighteenth Street. Construction began in April 1917, at a time when Little Italies elsewhere were channeling their community resources into bond drives and Red Cross benefits in support of World War I.

The erection of the new L'Unione signified a profound commitment to Italian community life in Tampa and an important benchmark in the consolidation of community. Built in an Italian renaissance style, decorated with classical columns, terra cotta relief, and a profusion of marble, the clubhouse stands as an impressive monument to immigrant achievement. The building included a magnificent theatre with an auditorium and balcony (later converted to a movie theatre), a spacious dance floor, library, cantina, bowling alley and recreational rooms. With furnishings, the building cost $80,000, a considerable sum for the time.

The Italian Club, as social center for the community, performed myriad roles for its members. For Italian men, the cantina served as a sanctuary, a male bastion where a woman never casually entered. Like their Spanish counterparts, Italian men retreated to the club for after-dinner socializing. "We used to come here during the week, all the people who live around here," remembered Joe Maniscalco. "They come here to the club and play dominoes, briscola, scoppa - until twelve, one o'clock at night! This [club] used to be paradise."

If the gaming tables of the cantina lured a male clientele, the banner of L'Unione attracted families, especially for group excursions. Picnics, outings and festivals allowed the club to raise impressive amounts of revenue and bring out huge crowds. In 1924, the club enjoyed a mammoth picnic to celebrate a membership drive which successfully enrolled a thousand new recruits. L'Unione's 1,800 members, with their families, gathered at the farmstead of F. M. Antuono and posed for a photograph which still hangs at the club today.

On Saturday evenings, the polished dance floor of L'Unione came alive. "Talk about dances!" exclaimed Nina Ferlita. "We used to have some of the most beautiful dances ... cabaret tables all over the hail. And they would have Cuban music, Italian music." When the second generation began to fraternize the club, two bands often entertained the crowds, one playing more sedate tunes for the parents; the other performing the more rhythmic rumba and samba for the younger set. "I remember when the Italian Club was built," reminisced Alfonso Lopez, the son of Spanish immigrants. "It was a nice club ... we [Spanish kids] used to go to dances there quite a lot as young boys, the Italian Club, also the Centro Español, Centro Asturiano, and the Cuban Club. It was a perfect setup for a young boy, because you could go there and didn't have to take a date.... You could always find some girls that were chaperoned.

L'Unione transcended the dance floor and domino tables; it inculcated a vigorous cultural life. The library housed a diverse collection of literature, especially strong in its emphasis in working-class and leftist themes. Many of the classic works by Michael Bakunin, Victor Hugo and Peter Kropotkin were available in leather bound editions, reflective of the honored places they occupied in the minds of club members.

A vigorous theatre developed at the Italian Club. The auditorium for L'Unione attracted a number of prominent opera stars. "We had a theatre, a beautiful theatre," boasted the cigarmaker and opera aficionado Joe Maniscalco. "We used to get ,the operetta from New York. The locals also formed a theatre to work with them." Ybor City became a favorite stopping-off spot for stock companies and performers touring Cuba, such as Pasquale Vittore and Maria D'Amore. The bilingual nature of the Italian community permitted L'Unione's membership the enjoyment of attending the Spanish-language theatre at the other clubs and also of appreciating plays performed in Spanish at L'Unione Italiana, the Italian Club..